Optimal testosterone levels vary by age and sex. In men, normal levels range from 300 to 1,000 nanograms per decilitre (ng/dL), while women generally have lower levels, ranging from 15 to 70 ng/dL.

When testosterone levels are too low, men and women may experience fatigue, reduced libido, mood swings, and diminished bone density. In men, low testosterone can lead to erectile dysfunction and infertility. Conversely, elevated testosterone levels may cause aggressive behaviour, mood swings, and in women, irregular menstrual cycles and excessive facial hair.

It’s crucial to note that individual responses to testosterone levels vary, and symptoms alone may not accurately reflect hormonal imbalances. If concerned about testosterone levels, individuals should consult a healthcare professional for personalised evaluation and guidance. Regular monitoring and appropriate interventions can help maintain hormonal balance and overall health.

What is testosterone?

Testosterone is a male sex hormone (or androgen) present in both sexes. In males it’s produced in large amounts in the testes, and is responsible for physiological male sex as well as secondary traits, including:

• body hair
• muscle mass
• voice deepening
• bone density
• sperm production
• red blood cell production
• sex drive

In females, testosterone is produced in much lesser quantities in the ovaries, adrenal glands, and fat cells. It’s converted into the female sex hormone estradiol, and is involved with:

• hormone production
• bone, breast, menstrual, and vaginal health
• fertility
• sexual drive

Testosterone production is strongest in puberty and early adulthood, and begins to decline around age 30.

Do I need a testosterone test?

You may want to take a testosterone test if you’re having trouble conceiving. Testosterone levels can impact fertility for males and females. Also, regular testosterone level checks are essential for transgender men and transmasculine people using female-to-male testosterone therapy. You may also want to take a testosterone test if you’re experiencing symptoms of low or high testosterone.

Symptoms in males

Low testosterone in males may lead to:

• lower sex drive and energy level
• erectile dysfunction (ED)
• less hair growth
• weight gain
• feelings of depression
• decreased bone density
• lower sperm production

High testosterone levels in males are associated with:

• aggression
• excessive facial and body hair
• acne
• increased blood pressure

Symptoms in females

Low testosterone in females can also lessen sexual desire, and affect mood, concentration, and energy levels.

High testosterone levels may:

• impact hair growth, including both baldness and excess body hair
• trigger acne
• cause irregular menstruation
• make it difficult to conceive

It’s also associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

What are the ‘Normal’ levels?

Optimal testosterone levels vary by age and sex. In men, normal levels range from 300 to 1,000 nanograms per decilitre (ng/dL), while women generally have lower levels, ranging from 15 to 70 ng/dL.